Hca 322 Week 5 Assignment

A Deeper Look into Ethics and Laws Regarding Surrogacy HCA 322 Health veneration Ethics and medical examination Law A Deeper Look into Ethics and Laws Regarding Surrogacy When one or more than individuals narrow down with a cleaning woman to ge distinguish a nipper than relinquish that infant after birth to the person or couple is known as surrogacy. It is a course of action that goes outside of natural fostering. For about, it is the but method of having children, extending family. Surrogacy has been stirring up m whatsoever controversies over the years. Ethics, morals, laws, religious views, etc. ave played a major(ip) role in the issues that follow the topic of surrogacy. Laws and regulations pertaining to surrogacy vary from democracy to state. any(prenominal) states guard no enforceable laws towards surrogacy, while others only permit surrogacy take ons that are uncompensated placements and gestational agreements (Trimarchi, 2011). nearly states prohibit same sexual urge couples from accounting entry into any form of surrogacy contracts. In this paper, I will be address the court-ordered and estimable issues involved and other aspects of surrogacy. History of Surrogacy and Case Study Surrogacy was assumed to have been around since the tiddlerlonian times.Alternatively, the roughly credible records to date in allocate managing profound passivity and the public responses during the middle of the 20th century. Surrogacy did non beseem public in 1976, when Attorney Noel Keane negotiated the get-go eer surrogacy agreement (History of surrogacy, 2011). Attorney Noel Keane and Dr. Ringold created the first ever fertility clinic (surrogacy clinic) in the linked States. Many laws and regulations were not implemented until the suit of clothes of Elizabeth Kane and the case of Baby M. Elizabeth Kane was the first woman to enter into a compensated surrogacy agreement in 1980.She was to be compensated with $10,000. She, however, was unw illing to bestow the surrogacy agreement without the scotch. It was the decision of the court to not grant men of the child to Elizabeth Kane due to her signing a legal contract. This is the case known for starting the implementation of some laws in some states. In 1986, bloody shame Beth whitehead ( deputy bring forth) and the downcast family entered into a surrogacy agreement. This is the notorious case of Baby M. It was agreed that Whitehead would receive $10,000 if the child were innate(p) healthy, and the surrogate maintained the guidelines and restrictions stated in the contract.However, if there was a case of miscarriage or pacify born, Whitehead would only receive $1,000. Also, once the child was born Mrs. Stern could legally submit the child. Once the child was born, Whitehead decided she did not want to give custody of the child to the Sterns. She fled the state and was soon taken into custody. Judge Sorkow, ruled that custody of Baby M would be assumption to the Stern family, enforcing the surrogacy contract. Whitehead was also deemed an unfit pay off. Mrs. Stern was given permission to adopt Baby M. Whitehead appealed the courts decision.New Jerseys compulsive Court overturned Judge Sorkows ruling, invalidating commercial surrogacy contracts as a disguised form of baby-selling (Tong, 2011). Whitehead was granted visitation to baby M. Cases like Baby M assisted in triggering some but not many regulations on surrogacy. Ethics and morals, and forms of discrimination against women arose after the case of Baby M. Some believed that the ruling was erectified, whereas others mat that it exploited financially unstable, young, minority women searching for an easy way to earn cash (Tong, 2011). The case of Baby M, had some thinking that if Mrs.Whitehead were financially stable, like the Stern Family, she wouldve been granted full custody of the child. On the other hand, those favoring the decision stated that most surrogacy advocates chose wom en who are 20-30 and have had a child. They also noted that majority of surrogates chosen are Caucasian women. Surrogate agencies now seek women who are unselfish and are financially lively to be the role of a surrogate. Legal Issues A contract is considered to be an agreement, written or verbal, outlining foothold and conditions (legally binding obligations) between two parties.Contracts are legally enforceable. In regards to surrogacy, contracts are drawn up with basis and conditions for the surrogate as well as the intend parents. While a majority of the population feels this is a legally enforceable contracts others see the contract as null and void. Due to the close resemblance of baby selling, which is unratified in e real state, there has been, and still is a bit of a divide on decisions in legislation in regards to surrogacy. Court decisions and legislation in the United States are split on the issue of whether or not to prohibit surrogacy contracts (Pozgar, 2012).The s urrogacy field has some regulations, such as the use of contracts, which are considered to be law binding, as of correct now. The topic of surrogacy is a topic, with much guideed deliberation. Before any couple whitethorn move forward with the surrogacy process, there are certain factors that must be considered. This includes Is surrogacy permitted in the state? Are surrogacy contracts permitted? Is there the option to transfer parental rights (adoption)? Once one has these questions answered, they have to correspond other factors.Such as costs for both surrogate (if any) as well as think parents, contract agreement, testing procedures, medical expenses for the surrogate, etc (What are the, n. d. ). If an agreement has been reached, and all aspects of the surrogacy are agreed to, a surrogacy contract scum bag be entered into without any issues developing. However, this does not mean no issues will arise later in the surrogacy. Some aspects may have been over looked, or the sur rogate could develop issues once the child is born, hence the case of Baby M. There is nothing in federal legislation in regards to surrogacy. Laws regarding surrogacy vary from state to state. As of this moment, several states prohibit acts of assisted reproductive technologies. In those states any surrogacy contracts are unenforceable, proclaiming all contracts void (Hansen, 2011). Some of these states consider acts of surrogacy a crime, punishable by law. While some states allow surrogacy by only to matrimonial couples or to couples where one of the intended parents is related to the child. A majority of the states allow surrogacy to take place.In fact they have allowed the surrogacy field to prosper (Hansen, 2011). These states do not have any regulations on surrogacy. Surrogacy contracts are binding just as any other drawn up contract. When entering into such a potentially controversial contract, lawyers should be present to discuss any issues, and to witness the agreement. Al l parties involved in surrogacy have legal rights. Ones that should not be over looked. For instance, all parties involved in surrogacy have a right to confidentiality. The right to privacy and confidentiality should be underlined in the contract drawn.The intended parents of the child as well as the surrogate mother must keep all learning private. While information between the surrogate and the intended parents may be shared, a third party (surrogacy agency) tries to keep all information to a need to know basis. For example, the intended parents may want to know of any mental or physical issues of the surrogate. Otherwise, all information should be kept private. Both parties in the surrogacy contract have the right to an attorney. Due to last risks of controversies, all parties should have legal representation.Lawyers can assist in explaining the contract. They can also give legal advice if the other party has a change of heart. With legal representation comes attorney-client c onfidentiality. The attorney hired must keep all information private. Ethics & Morals Surrogacy raises many honest issues. All too which must be evaluated before entering into a surrogacy contract. The biggest honourable issue pertaining to surrogacy is the mental and physical displacement the surrogate mother tins. The surrogate mother must be capable of releasing the child once she has completed labor. In a surrogate situation, the gestational mother is the woman who carries the baby to term. This can be a very taxing process both physically and emotionally and unique in that after the surrogate mother physically carries the baby throughout the pregnancy, she needs to physically and emotionally detach herself from the child once it is born (The ethical issues, n. d. ). For some women this issue is effortless, they simply see their body as a temporary home for the child, a womb for rent. While others form an addition with the child while in the gestational hitch.This attachm ent presents difficulty for the surrogate mother once the child is born. After the child is taken, the surrogate mother may be negatively impacted as her feeling of isolation is entangle along with the reality of the bargain of her body (Pozgar, 2012). This, in the long run, could cause more negative impact for the surrogate mother than positive. Womens set in liberty and autonomy need to be weighed against other values like exploitation, health and welfare. When entering into a drastic contract, the fear of infidelity weighs heavy on all parties.Trust in one some other is a major characteristic that must be displayed. It is easy to praise a successful arrangement in retrospect, but the danger always exists that an arrangement one is planning would cause moral rail at to the surrogate and/or the commissioning parents (van Niekerk van Zyl, 1995). If the surrogate mother were to change her mind after the child were born, it could cause an emotional impact on all parties, includ ing the child. In the case of Baby M, Whitehead grew attached to the child. At first, she was considered to be unfit as a mother and lost all rights.However, she continued her efforts to custody of the child. After two years, she was awarded visitation to the child, and the intended mother was unable to adopt the child. The emotional devastation felt had to have been overwhelming. The child was subject to the custody battle and confusion of who is my mommy? While the Stern family (intended family) had to endure in sharing a child too which they would have full custody. What about the rights of the child? This is a question stirring around controversy. The child is usually never considered when people decide assisted reproduction technologies.The child is not given the option of knowing his/her gestational mother, or of any other dilate pertaining to her (unless otherwise stated, like in the case of Baby M). The child is also denied the ability to know if his/her biologic parents (if spermatozoan donation and/or egg donation is used). Transferring the duties of parenthood from the birthing mother to a spying couple denies the child any claim to its gestational carrier and to its biological parents if the egg and/or sperm is/are not that of the contracting parents (Surrogacy A 21st, ).Also, the baby may have identity issues upon organism aware of the nature of his birth, that is if the intended parents decide to disclose this information to the child. Awkwardly, there has been deliberation that surrogacy is close to resembling prostitution. Commercial surrogacy (paying a surrogate mother for gestation of a child) is said to be considered a form of prostitution because the woman is selling her body for someone elses contentment. Although surrogacy is not for intimate purposes, people feel it is the same concept.They feel it is immoral. However, those favoring surrogacy implore that we live in a society where physical labor is compensated with money or subs tantial items. They feel that this argument is invalid (van Niekerk & van Zyl, 1995). . Lastly, baby-selling is the issue surrounding surrogacy. Selling a child is illegal and unethical in any state. Infertility clinics and surrogacy agencies are growing more popular in the United States. These clinics and agencies do take a portion of the money involved in the surrogacy.This little fact gives more power to the argument of baby-selling. The agency or clinic is considered to be the third party in the process, assisting with finding presumable surrogates for intended families, drawing up a contract, what each party is responsible for throughout the gestation period of the child. An unfertilised couple pays an agency $10,000 to find a surrogate, and another $10,000 to the surrogate for any expenses she made cover while carrying the child. The infertile couple also pays the medical expenses, prenatal and postnatal care.So some like the state of Michigan, this is unethical and illegal . It is classified as baby-selling. However, if a woman who bears a child gives the child to a infertile couple for free, this is completely legal and ethical. In my opinion/ Conclusion In the future, the topic of surrogacy will still be controversial. However, with technology be plan of attack so advance, I foresee a solution to infertility for couples coming to an end. States have their different opinions on the subject, and because of those opinions laws and regulations have been placed on surrogacy.Some states laws will change, as the issue of surrogacy arises. As surrogate/contract parenting arrangements are normalized and routinized, the U. S. public will probably press federal and state administration to pass clear legislation governing surrogacy (Tong, 2011). Woman are given the gift to bare children. However, some are incapable due to some form of medical issue. If a family wants to extend their family by having children (legally) that is their given right. Of course thi s varies from state to state. Surrogacy does cause many ethical and legal issues.However, these are issues that all surrogate mothers and intended families take into close consideration before pursuing. It is important that all parties involved weigh in liberty, autonomy, fidelity, ethical and moral values against all other standards and values. Many issues are bound to arise when entering into such a highly drastic contract, but with close monitoring, fidelity and understanding, the contract should be capable of being carried out with no issues. References Hansen, M. (2011, March 01). As surrogacy becomes more popular, legal problems proliferate.Retrieved from http//www. abajournal. com/magazine/article/as_surrogacy_becomes_more_popular_legal_problems_proliferate/ History of surrogacy. (2011). Retrieved from http//www. findsurrogatemother. com/surrogacy/information/history Pozgar, G. (2012). Legal and Ethical Issues for Health Professionals (3rd ed). Jones Bartlett Publishers. Ret rieved from http//online. vitalsource. com/books/9781449685065/id/ch02lev1sec10 Surrogacy A 21st century human rights challenge. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. cbc-network. org/issues/making-life/surrogacy/ The ethical issues of surrogacy. n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. modernfamilysurrogacy. com/page/surrogacy_ethical_issues Tong, R. (2011). Surrogate parenting. Retrieved from http//www. iep. utm. edu/surr-par/H4 Trimarchi, M. (2011). Surrogacy overview. Retrieved from http//health. howstuffworks. com/pregnancy-and-parenting/pregnancy/fertility/surrogacy3. htm van Niekerk, A. , van Zyl, L. (1995). The ethics of surrogacy Womens reproductive labour. Journal of Medical Ethics, 21(6), 345-345. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/216336102? accountid=32521 What are the