Renal System Study Guide

nephritic System Study Guide Med/Surg I major(ip) Functions of Kidney Regulation of Homeostasis -Filters blood & regulates contents (water content & blood volume) -Maintain acid-base balance -Control wandering & electrolytes -Excrete metabolic waste products -Control BP (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) Urinary System Structure Kidneys (produce body of water), Ureters (transport urine to bladder), vesica (stores urine), Urethra (conduct urine outside body) *Nephron- working unit of kidney *Kidneys receive 25% of cardiac output= approx. 1 Liter GRF= 125ml/min & increases at night Renal Hormones ADH- works in DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE Aldosterone- made in adrenal gland CORTEX ANP- inhibits secretion of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone & water absorption by kidney tubules Erythropoietin- stimulates marrow to sword more RBCs Renin- made & released in JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE decreased renal perfusion= starting time BP JGA releases renin Liver releases angi otensin I Lungs convert angio I to angiotensin II Increase in BP due to VASOCONSTRICTION, myocardial contractility, VOLUME INCREASE becase ALDOSTERONE is released by ADRENAL CORTEX Aldosterone causes sodium & water to be REABSORPTION & thousand excretion **** This stops once BP is normal because it is a NEGATIVE feedback brass Lab Tests/Diagnostics Creatnine- 0. 6-1. 2 End product of muscle & protein metamorphosis -reflects GFR, renal disease is the only condition to increase creatnine level (not accomplished by hydration status) rolling- 8-16 measures amount of urea (byproduct of protein metabolism in liver) -factors affecting roller hydration/ urine flow, hypoperfusion, metabolic rate, drugs, diet Elevated BUN with normal creatnine= dehydration/Volume depletion/low perfusion -Elevated BUN & Creatnine= RENAL FAILURE/Dysfunction specific Gravity- 1. 003-1. 030 measures ability of kidneys to abbreviate urine -increased spec. grav = (more concentrated urine) dehydration, low perfusion, too oermuch ADH -decreased sep. grav = (less concentrated urine) too much fluid, diabetes insipidus, or inability of kidneys to concentrate urine Creatnine Clearance- evaluates how well kidneys remove creatnine from blood -best estimate for GFR renal door of glucose = blood glucose level of at least 180 before it spills over in urine *bacturia- males 10,00 colonies, females 100,00 colonies of bacteria Renal Calculi/ orchestra pits Causes dehydration, infection, change in urine pH, obstruction, diet, immobilization, metabolic factors S/S CVA (Costal-vertebral angle) pain, N, abdominal distention, fever, chills, hematuria, pyruria DX KUB, US, Urine cx, stone analysis, serum calcium & phosphorus to detect hormonal problems TX hydration/push fluids, abx, ketorolac tromethamine (relaxes ureters), diuretics NSG strain urine, stone analysis, push fluids 3-4L/day, teach diet & s/s of obstructionAcute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis bil. inflammation of glomeruli Causes S trep infection, impetigo S/S edema, azotemia, hematuria, oliguria, fatigue, HTN, na retention DX ideal ASO (antistreptolysin-O titer), elevated electrolyte, BUN,& Creatnine, KUB-bil kidney enlargement TX relief of symptoms, bedrest, fluid & sodium restrictions, abx, daily BUN & creatnine, diet- high kilocalories, low protein sodium potassium & fluids. Acute Pyelonephritis sudden bacterial inflammation of kidney risk factors urinary stasis, inablility to empty bladder (BPH/enlarged prostate), obstruction, sex, pregnancy, DM S/S urinary freq. & urgency, dysuria, hematuria, elevated temp, chills, flank pain, anorexia, malaise UA aim pyuria, hematuria, low spec. gravity, alkaline pH, proteinuria, gycosuria, kentonuria TX abx, analgesic, reculture urine 1 week after abx pure(a) NSG antipyretics, increase fluids, monitor for feverNephrotic syndrome -clinical manifestations caused by protein wasting secondary to diffuse glomerular damage usually after stress to immune system s/s prote inuria, low albumin, edema, hyperlipidemia, hypovolemia nsg low protein high calorie diet, i/os, sodium & fluid restriction, weights, treat underlying cause Renal stroke Prerenal- obstructs flow to kidneys ex CV disease, hypovolemia, peripheral vasodilation, severe vasoconstriction Intrarenal- poisions kidney tissue x acute glomerular nephritis, pyelonephritis, sickle cells, lupus Postrenal- bladder obstruction, treteral obstruction S/S of Acute Renal Failure anorexia, uremic breath, oliguria, n/v/d -elevated BUN/creatnine & K+ -low pH, Bicarb, Hgb & Hct Tx reestablish effective renal function, high calorie diet, diet low in protein sodium & potassium, restrict fluid, vitamin supplements, MONITOR FOR HYPERKALEMIA NSG i/os, monitor electrolytes, h, & vitals, check for pericarditis, small frequent meals BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) prostate growth that may block urethra -blockage can cause UTIs, delayed urinary emptying detrusor muscles weakends results in urinary retention pt unable to egest can cause uremia, bladder rupture & peritonitis TURP (Transurethral Resection of Prostate) -surgery that uses a resectoscope to go in urethra & clip out portions of prostate -continous bladder irrigation to keep open clots nsg keep penis clean. never remove foley, Kegel exercises